Building A Community Development Corporation Essay

Located in Olneyville is one of the community’s best assets. One Neighborhood builders, a community development corporation also referred to as a CDC. Like many other CDC’s One Neighborhood builders is a not-for-profit community action group. One Neighborhood builders takes pride is creating affordable housing. Their mission â€Å"is to work with residents to build a safe, healthy, and stable community. We accomplish our mission through four lines of business: (1) creation and preservation of affordable housing, and development of commercial real estate to spur economic development, (2) ONE Neighborhood Works – our social enterprise which prepares young people for work while providing landscaping and maintenance services in the neighborhood’s public spaces, (3) individual asset building to prepare families for homeownership, and (4) community building and organizing to strengthen the neighborhood’s social fabric† (One Neighborhood Builders, 2016, p. 1). Upon walking into the main office, located at 66 Chaffee Street I noticed a friendly receptionist sitting toward the door to assist anyone walking in. She was able to tell me a little about what was going on in the office and the services offered. At the time of my visit a workshop in Spanish was being given to residents about fighting predatory lending. Other services offered are tax preparation called VITA which offers free tax preparations by a volunteer who is trained through the IRS to prepare taxes. This service is runShow MoreRelatedMultinational Corporations And Its Impact On The Environment Essay1351 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopment projects by corporations have been criticized for damaging the environment, even when they are claimed to helping it. Consequently, financing to such projects has been discouraged due to their impact on the environment. 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Gender Issues Within The Society Essay - 1676 Words

Gender issues in society have incited growing debates and an analyzing or in a sense â€Å"a calling out of† of writers, books, movies, celebrities, historical figures on their views. It is really not a surprise that C.S. Lewis being a popular figure back in time has found his work under scrutiny over his views and writing off women. It is quite easy to dismiss his views as being a product of that time and therefore dismissing any claims on labeling him .To some it is not so easy to simply dismiss him as a product of his time, acquiring him different labels. Lewis because of his beliefs and writing has been too labelled as either a misogynist or a sexist. These two labels while from the same â€Å"grouping† there is a distinction between the two. An argument can arise from this, which is was Lewis merely a sexist or was he a misogynist based on his writings and beliefs? Sexism is usually defined as a discrimination based on gender (in this case women), while misogyny comes from two Greek words, â€Å"misein†, to hate, and â€Å"gyne† woman. Sexism is reflected views of socially constructed views of gender like girls cannot be leaders. Misogyny, on the other hand, isn’t merely a strong version of sexism it is a â€Å"feeling of contempt or anger† one can express at women for challenging the norms of what women should look and act like. As pointed out before different scholars saw his work from this view. In the Daughters of Lilith text, the author represents a view that shows Lewis to be aShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality And Sexism Are Common Social Issues Within Today s Society1856 Words   |  8 Pages Gender inequality and sexism are common social issues within today’s society. 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Often mothers within the workplace receive the most discrimination as opposed to same-gendered individuals without children. The articles reviewed below further emphasize this prevalent issue within the society that may ultimately be experienced by all parties within the workplace. Gender and Workplace Discrimination All of the articles reviewed reach the specific conclusion, women are often of more

Communication Methods Free Essays

Face to Face communication Advantage: Creates a better experience because the depth of understanding is enhanced by body language and posture. Disadvantage: Body language could be misread and lead to a miscommunication of the intended message. Telephone Advantage: With the presence of cell phones, communication can be done anytime and anywhere. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Methods or any similar topic only for you Order Now Disadvantage: The cell phone presents times when phone conversations may not be appropriate and could cause a miscommunication in the conversation. Videoconferencing Advantage: It is inexpensive, builds relationships, and allows face to face communication. Disadvantage: There could be technical problems that hinder the conference from happening. Email Advantage: Very fast. Can be changed instantly. It can reach large amounts of people at one time. Disadvantage: May not be written clearly and can cause miscommunication. Memos Advantage: Reach a large amount of employees at one time. The message could be very traditional or high impact that is easy to interpret. Disadvantage: The memo could have a message that is not easy to interpret and is hard for the reader to understand. Address the following scenarios: 1. One of your employees is constantly late, leaving food and drinks at the work station, and you are forced to address the situation. The best form of communication for this situation is face to face. Face to face communication is the â€Å"richest: form of communication because it contains cues from many sources that add to the interpretation of the message exchanged by the sender and receiver. . This would be the form because it is important that the employee who is participating in this type of behavior in the workplace understand the implications of the rules that are being broken in the workplace. The employee may need a serious demeanor and body language that expresses that this type of behavior can and will not be tolerated. The employer also needs to see the body language of the employee so that they can see if the employee takes the situation seriously and plans to make changes. 2. You need to let all employees know about a company special event. The best form of communication for this scenario is an email. The email would have to be highly detailed. It would need to include: time, place, cost, and theme of event. The email would need to ensure to let employees know if they can bring a guest or if it is for employees only. The email would need to include rather or not the employee needs to state if they are attending the event or not. It would need to be clear and concise. 3. You hear from a friend that a client is about to sign a contract with one of your present competitors. The best form of communication to deal with this scenario is face to face communication. In this scenario a meeting may need to be arranged. That way the client could be persuaded on the reasons why it would be best to use your company versus the competition. You may also be able to build a level of rapport with the competitor because you were upfront about the information you heard in regards to the contract. 4. You have three bids on a piece of equipment and you need to get a management decision on purchasing. The best form of communication of for this scenario is videoconferencing. Videoconferencing would allow the  managers to see the equipment and understand why one product could be a better purchase than the other. The videoconference would give the manager the luxury of using video aids without leaving the comfort their office. How to cite Communication Methods, Papers

Decision Making Theory Global Market Place

Question: Discuss about theDecision Making Theoryfor Global Market Place. Answer: Introduction As a leader, one must be able to make critical decisions as all leaders are confronted with challenging situations. Good leaders try to make decisions that eventually bring a positive impact not only to the organizations but also to the stakeholders and employees. The present global environment is regarded as highly volatile and organizational leaders meet and confront very complex challenges. Middle East Battery Company operates in a global market. For a manager, the key decisions made have a direct impact on how the company solves its internal and external problems, and how it ultimately accomplishes its mission and objectives. Middle East Battery Company is based in Saudi Arabia. It manufactures automotive sealed maintenance free batteries. The batteries are used in Korean, American, European and Japanese vehicle models. It offers industrial and marine heavy duty batteries too. In consideration to outsource the division of the company to another country, critical thinking and soun d decision making is a crucial need for the manager (Aird and Sappenfield, 2009). This will ensure positive results for the organization, stakeholders and the employees. Steps that Should be Undertaken in Evaluation of the Decision According to Angelone, Levin and Simons (2003), the first step involves identification of an opportunity or a problem. The main drive to outsource is either to solve a problem or utilize an opportunity an opportunity. Recognize the problem or identify the opportunities that may be worthwhile. Evaluate whether the problem or opportunity have an impact to the customer. It should be able to increase focus on the revenue generating activities. Secondly, there is need for information collection. Gather full information on what is relevant to the decision. One must know what is required before a decision is made or consider factors that will help in making the right decision (Choi, Laibson, Madrian and Metrick, 2003). The manager needs to get access to the latest technology and also access experts in the different types of vehicles that use the battery. The third step involves situation analysis. In this case, the managers considers if there may be an alternative course of action and all the possible different data interpretations (Curhan, Neale and Ross, 2004) The third step is followed by developing options. This step involves generating several possible options. One needs to be creative and remain positive too. In this case, "what if" questions regarding the problems or opportunities are needs to be asked here. Outline the desired outcome of this situation. The next step involves evaluating alternatives. Outline the criteria for evaluation. Look into the feasibility, acceptability and desirability of the situation. Evaluate the alternative that best achieves the objectives. This step is then followed by selecting a preferred alternative. The provisional preferred alternative should be explored for future possible adverse consequences. Identify the problems the alternative preference might create. Put into consideration the risks of making the decision. Lastly, the manager is required to act on the decision. For implementation, a plan is put in place (Ghodeswar and Vaidyanathan, 2008). Allocate resources for implementation. It's important to see that the decision is accepted and supported by colleagues. See to it that they ate committed into making it work. Prescriptive and Descriptive Decision Making Prescriptive decision making involves giving advice on how to make the best decisions given a set of uncertain beliefs and values. It simply means how things should be done. While descriptive decision making theory entails analyzing how existing or possibly irrational agents actually make decisions. In the case of the Middle East Battery Company, the manager must put into account the unpredictable environment. The manager needs to focus on strategy formulation process. He is also to make sure the process put in place is the correct one. For these reasons, a thorough research on the advantages and the disadvantages is carried out. He seeks to formulate a strategy that enhances performance (Kakumanu and Portanova, 2006). The company is already in function but the decision is trying to improve the functioning matters. The manager wants the company to survive and therefor take into consideration the experiences that could help the business succeed better. The decisions required here involve improving on the performance of the company like the marketing of the batteries, cost reduction in production, and more quality automotive batteries. All these make it more convenient for the perspective decision making theory. Critical Thinking Skills Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally about one's dos and don'ts and one's beliefs. It's simply engaging into independent and creative thinking. An individual in possession of the critical thinking skills is able to understand logical connections between ideas, solve problems systematically, identify and evaluate arguments and reflect on the justification of one's own beliefs and values. In deciding on the outsourcing of the Middle East Battery company into another country the manager should possess various critical thinking skills. These are highlighted below. Analytical Skills According to Saxena and Bharadwaj (2009), a good manager ought to be able to separate problems from opportunities and discover their functional nature and relationships. For example the relationship between the country that outsourcing needs to be done to and the market conditions of the automotive maintenance free batteries for instance the number of industries that uses machinery that require heavy duty batteries. Information Seeking He should be in a position to search for evidence, facts or knowledge by identifying the relevant sources and gathering objectives and current data from the sources. Example saying Kenya uses vehicle models from Japan or Europe should be able to be proven. Logical Reasoning As mentioned by Mahmoodzadeh, Jalalinia and Yazdi, (2009), the manager should be in a position to use his evidence and findings to deduce conclusions. For instance Asia is a better choice compared to Europe because it has more number of industries and more vehicles in use. Predictions A manager is required to envision a plan and its consequences. This largely applies when selecting alternative preferences. He must be able to explore the future possibilities and identify advantages and disadvantages that would accompany these choices. Conclusion Leadership and critical thinking goes hand in hand. A leader must be able to make complex decisions depending on the situation at hand. Decision making is a process and therefore involves steps. The decisions made should not be manager centered but rather should be beneficial to the organization, stakeholders and customers. A good manager ought to have various critical thinking skills. In outsourcing the Middle East Battery company, problems and opportunities associated with it like cost effectiveness and the acceptability by the stakeholders and its effect to both customers and employees must be put into consideration. Most importantly the decision should result into betterment of the company. References Aird, C. and Sappenfield, D (2009) IT the Enabler of Global Sourcing. Financial Executive; 251(5), pp. 62-63. Angelone, L., Levin, D. and Simons, D. (2003) The relationship between change, detection, and recognition of centrally attended objects in motion pictures. Perception, 32(8), pp. 947962. Choi, J., Laibson, D., Madrian, B. C. and Metrick, A. (2003) Active decisions: A natural experiment in savings. Mimeo: Harvard University Press. Curhan, J. R., Neale, M. A. and Ross, L. (2004) Dynamic valuation: Preference change in the context of active face-to-face negotiations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(1), pp. 142151. Ghodeswar, B. and Vaidyanathan, J (2008) Business process outsourcing: an approach to gain access to world-class capabilities, Business Process Management Journal, 4(1), pp. 11-13. Kakumanu, P. and Portanova, A (2006) Outsourcing: Its Benefits, Drawbacks and Other Related Issues. Journal of American Academy of Business, 9(2), pp. 9-10. Mahmoodzadeh, E., Jalalinia, S. and Yazdi, F. (2009) A business process outsourcing framework based on business process management and knowledge management. Business Process Management Journal, 15(6), pp. 845-864. Saxena, C. and Bharadwaj, S. (2009) Managing Business process through outsourcing: A strategic partnering perspective. Business Process Management Journal, 15(5), pp. 687-715.

Happy Feet Marketing Plan Essay Sample free essay sample

Line dance beginnings day of the month back to traditional common people dance ( Tatum. 2012 ) . Traditionally. dance has been around for many old ages. although there are many different manners and genres. Line Dance is where persons form one or more lines parallel without a spouse. to execute choreographed. repeated. in unison series of stairss to music ( Free Dictionary ) . Line dancing provides wellness and exercising related activities to make a positive life style. Happy Feet Soul Line Dance Group will function the Tampa Bay Area. We will assist single to larn to dance through line dancing while bettering their wellness. There is non a line dance studio for people. who want learn to line dance and run into other people who have similar involvement. African americans suffer from high blood force per unit area. high blood pressure. diabetes. and bosom disease. line dance give them the chance to better these wellness issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Happy Feet Marketing Plan Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Happy Feet Soul Line Dance Group vision is to go the prima studio supplying line dance that helps each participates improve a wellness issue. In order to accomplish this. we must encompass our mission to supply a topographic point where people can larn to dance for enjoyment. exercising. or run into new people. Happy Feet Soul Line Dance Group has presently outgrown their current location. Expansion into a private studio. will let public and private instructions. private groups parties. and chance to offer other different type of dances. Company Description Happy Feet Soul Line Dance Group was started as a group to larn the current psyche line dance in February 2011. This group conducts and Teachs line dances one time a hebdomad. for an hr and half at a vicinity Elks Lodge. There are three line dance teachers. who teach new line dances and supply single aid to new members to the category. Teachers learn new dances from different nines. parties. or from YouTube. The current genre is R A ; B/Soul. Although. there is non a hebdomadal or monthly cost to utilize the Elks Lodge ; nevertheless there are many bystanders. looker-ons. and smoke. Mission and Goals Happy Feet’s mission is to supply a topographic point where persons can exert at their ain gait. larn to dance. run into new people. addition and better their wellness. societal life and assurance. Overall. be comfy dancing in forepart of others. Our end is to promote persons to be involved with bettering their ain wellness. Harmonizing the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. African Americans are 40 % more likely to hold high blood force per unit area and 10 % less likely to hold it under control than causings. American Heart Association ( 2011 ) states that 44. 8 % of non-Hispanic black work forces and 44. 3 % of adult females have Cardiovascular Disease ( CVD ) . It farther states 70. 3 % of work forces and 77. 7 % of adult females. who were non-Hispanic black. are either fleshy or corpulent. Core competencesFormed in 2011. Happy Feet has set out to be the best psyche line dance group. The nucleus competences consist of the ability to learn the different psyche line dances. merriment and loving atmosphere. encouraging environment. and promote wellness exercising patterns. Participates can have on regular. mundane apparels. However. we do propose participates wear gym shoes. comfy signifier adjustment. non-binding apparels. Although any garb can be worn. socks and places must be worn at all times. The music for the line dances are up-tempo and current R A ; b choices. every bit good as old school music. Happy Feet line dance does non necessitate any anterior experience. we welcome all experiences ; advanced and non-experience terpsichoreans. Happy Feet provides a topographic point for persons to exert or merely to increase their physical activity in their lives. Situational Analysis Happy Feet looks to supply and implement health within the community. Furthermore. integrating exercising into the day-to-day lives of each individual who visit Happy Feet. As a line dance group. Happy Feet will be known by its terpsichoreans for learning line dance as a manner to remain healthily. lose weight. and do new life long friends. Legal and Political: Happy Feet will necessitate a concern licence to run as a concern. Happy Feet studio will necessitate insurance for the edifice. every bit good as liability protection againstaccidents. Strengths†¢Low cost†¢Low impact exercising†¢Don’t need a spouse†¢Improve overall wellness†¢Formal developing non required Failing†¢Offers one type of dance†¢Use of merely one genre†¢Offer merely line dancing†¢Choreography of the dance could be hard Opportunity†¢Use different genre for line dance†¢Offer different manner of dance Menaces†¢Fitness centres offers assortment of dance manner†¢Established dance studios†¢Economic downswing RivalsHappy Feet rivals consist of fittingness centres. Ballroom dance studios. and specific dance centre studios. Fitness centres. such as the YMCA and L. A. Fitness offer monthly rank while supplying different type of dance category ( L. A. Fitness ) A ; ( YMCA ) . These categories are zumba. hip-hop dance. and line dance. Ballroom dance studios offer professional type lessons in dance hall scene. which teaches The Tango. the Waltz. and Swing. The specific manner of dance would be pole dance categories. Stiletto-Fitness offer classes that tone the butt and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. pole dance at novice lever to progress degree. Pontius pilates. chair dance ( Stiletto Fitness ) . Furthermore. they give each client who marks up for a rank a brace of stilettos. Target market Happy Feet believes that everyone has the ability to dance. and present line dance in a societal environment. The possible terpsichoreans are categorized into six groups: †¢Children ( ages 7-12 ) : this is the age group where we would wish to increase their involvement in dance. †¢Teen ( ages 13-19 ) : teens will desire to larn to line dance because they have watch their friends line dance. at the homecoming dance. prom or party. †¢College/young grownups ( ages 20-24 ) : Young grownups will desire to larn to line dance because when they go to the dance clubs the DJ is playing line dance and all of their friends are dancing. †¢Single and Married grownups ( ages 25-55 ) : will be the biggest protagonists. because they are looking for something to make. Happy Feet offers the chance to run into new people. Additionally allows altering the first dance at nuptialss from the more traditional walk-in. Married Couples can larn to dance together. while run intoing other mar ried twosomes †¢Retired/Seniors ( ages 55 and up ) : Line dance for this age group is exerting to remain wellness. maintain healthy. and to run into new people. Although this is a smaller market. they become long-run terpsichoreans. †¢Corporate Wellness Programs or Business Retreats: concerns that provide wellness plan or have one-year concern retreats. The Marketing Mix Happy Feet wants to increase its engagement and advance health-related exercising. Therefore. we will employee a wellness professional. who will give personalise wellness appraisal. based on your personal ends. Product Strategy: Happy Feet mark market is persons who enjoy dancing for merriment and/or need a topographic point to exert that reduces the impact on the articulations. Harmonizing to AARP. Line dancing provides physical. mental. and healthy benefits. It farther additions memory and tones musculuss. Happy Feet will learn ages from seven old ages old to 55 asset. Finally. Happy Feet will spread out into other signifiers of dance. such as zumba. salsa. and alien. Distribution Scheme: Happy Feet is known for being up to day of the month with the current psyche line dances. Happy Feet will set up a web site for information sing public presentation. group category agenda. including twenty-four hours and times. Happy Feet will supply get downing flat lines dance. for those who hav e neer soul line dance. Promotion Strategy: Happy Feet teachers and current participates will execute presentation at assorted community maps. including wellness carnivals. conventions. corporate retreats and churches. The presentation will include the benefits of line dancing. Furthermore. these publicities include the undermentioned: advertizements through societal media. such as Facebook. circulars. word of oral cavity. every bit good as mini presentation at birthday and anniversary parties. Corporate Wellness plans making consciousness of Happy Feet Soul Line Dance Group. There is non a societal dance studio in Tampa Bay Area. where single can come to dance for merriment. Price Strategy: Happy Feet will hold different degrees of monthly rank ; nevertheless. a monthly rank is non required. There will be day-to-day fee. if monthly rank is non purchased. The flat rank can be cancelled at any clip. with at least 30 days’ notice. The degrees of rank will include a basic degree. silver degree. gilded degree. and a Pt degree. Music Cadmiums with the line dance vocals will be for sale for $ 5. 00. 1. Basic degree rank – will let admittance to three group categories per hebdomad. which will be $ 50. 00 per month. 2. Silver degree rank – will let admittance to five group categories per hebdomad. which will be $ 75. 00 per month. 3. Gold degree rank – will let limitless admittance to group categories. five one-guest base on ballss and three private single instructions each month. which will be $ 100. 00 per month. In add-on. this rank will supply a free Cadmium each month with the line dance vocals for at place pattern. 4. Platinum degree rank – will let limitless admittance to group category. 10 invitees base on ballss each month. five private single instructions each month. which will be $ 150. 00. In add-on. this rank will supply a free Cadmium each month with the line dance vocals for pattern. 5. Daily fee – will let go toing day-to-day any category for a day-to-day fee. if a rank is non purchase. which will be $ 5. 00 per category per degre e. 6. Private single instructions- the cost starts at $ 25. 00 per direction. Private instructions merely let a upper limit of five people. 7. Corporate Retreats- The cost is dependent upon the figure of employees being taught. Customer Relationship Management Happy Feet will go a client focal point organisation. Hoping to run into the demands and outlook of each client by supplying the best trade for the services we provide. To construct this successful relationship with our clients. we will hold a clear understand what the client hopes to carry through from taking line dance category. Happy Feet teacher will be trained on how to find which dancer need each single aid ; furthermore. they will cognize how to breakdown each measure of a dance. In add-on. help the terpsichorean in a gracious and respectful mode. Furthermore. Happy Feet will offer a referral plan. where a client will have a free one-hour private session of direction. for every five referrals that purchases a degree rank. Happy Feet promises to maintain the monetary values low-cost and non to coerce sell. Therefore. Happy Feet warrants each line dance category will run into the demands of the client. Additionally. each line dance category will non transcend an hr and half. The direction category degree will include a beginner’s degree category. intermediate degree. advanced and multilevel category. Dancers in the beginners’ degree are non allowed to travel up to the intermediate degree until six or more categories have been completed and can execute basic moves required in most line dances. At least twice a hebdomad. a Live DJ will play music. Additionally. H2O and a healthy bite will be provided after each degree category session. Budget and MonitoringHappy Feet’s first twelvemonth gross revenues are projected as a loss. as it attempts to derive a steady client base. The estimated start-up costs are $ 10. 000. with a monthly disbursal of $ 5. 000. The monthly disbursals include visible radiations. H2O. advertizement. insurance and rent. phonograph record jockey on consideration. teachers and staff. The start-up costs include: Initial disbursals: 100 battalion of Blank CD†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $ 40. 00Four 24 instances of bottle H2O ( $ 4. 99 per instance ) . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . $ 20. 00First and last month rent for a dance studio†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $ 4500. 00Installation and purchase of mirrors†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ $ 3000. 00Advertisement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . $ 500. 00 Summary and ConclusionsHappy Feet Soul Line Dance Group has different degrees suited for each individual’s abilities ; hence. offering private and group direction. Additionally. Happy Feet will offer each interested individual an chance to seek one free category. As a customer-focus line dance group. each degree will give each terpsichorean the chance to increase their bone and encephalon wellness. better their balance and position. reduces emphasis and weariness. while contending off diabetes. bosom disease. osteoporosis. and depression. Happy Feet uses word of oral cavity and societal media publicity. such as Facebook. to construct an involvement in line dance. whereas giving the benefits of line dancing. Happy Feet’s selling technique will prosecute to construct patronage ; personal. private. and corporate. These marketing techniques include advertisement in the newspaper. join forcesing with wellness organisations. presentations at different charity events and carnivals. and through word of oral cavity. Happy Feet rank degree pricing gives everyone the chance to pick which rank is suited for his or her demands. Customer Referral plans gives terpsichoreans a opportunity to have private instructions. through encouraging friends and household to partake in line dance. Happy Feet Soul Line Dance Group vision is to go the prima line dance studio. that helps each participates improve their wellness issue. Therefore. be a topographic point where people can larn line dances for enjoyment. exercising. or merely run into new people.

Wage Disparity across Gender, Race, and Ethnicity

Wage Disparity across Gender, Race, and Ethnicity Introduction Wage disparity is used to refer to the differences in earning for two different groups of people, working in similar set up or their wages are arbitrarily different in the labour market. Wage disparity is mostly used in relation to describing the uneven spread of income across gender, race, and ethnic groups, which can lead to social inequalities and other problems in the workplace especially when the disparity is much pronounced.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wage Disparity across Gender, Race, and Ethnicity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various research studies have been undertaken on the wage disparities by many researchers to examine various parameters of wage inequalities since they contribute a lot to the labor-market inequalities. Majority of the studies relating to wage disparities are quantitative in nature and involve measurements and comparison of wages and salaries. These studie s are mainly intersectional, trying to explain the wage inequalities using survey data to evaluate the differences based on gender, social status, and racial/ethnic groupings. Wage disparities exist due to a variety of factors and the leading contributor to these wage gaps is the fact that many women and racial discriminated people are still secluded in the low paying occupations, with more than half of the all women workers holding sales, office administration entry-level jobs, and service jobs. In addition, most female dominated jobs are low paying compared to male dominated jobs (Howard, 2004). The issue of privileges also appears to affect wage disparity in the work place. Privileges refer favors that are allowed to certain people or a particular person and are not allowed to other people in set up such as a work place. These privileges are earned through achievement or are allowed to a certain grouping of people within most organizational structures. In workplace, some organiza tion members are allowed some privileges based not on merit, but on their ascribed status due to their association with certain groupings such as race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, class, and physical ability and this status is mostly influenced by external factors that are beyond the person’s immediate control (Karsten, 2006, P.254).Advertising Looking for research paper on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These unearned privileges have been shown to play a role in contributing to wage gaps among employees of the same level or in work of equivalent magnitude. Wage disparity due to any form of discrimination against certain groups in the workplace are common recipe for hatred, tensions, low level of motivation among workers and reduced productivity of the entire organization. In this research paper, issues of unearned privileges will only be discussed in the context of race and gender. This research paper seeks to explore the issues of wage disparity across gender, race, and ethnicity in the American workplace set up. In the next sections of this paper, the following two relationships will be explored based on studies carried on them: Wage disparity and gender Wage disparity and race/ethnicity issues Wage disparity and gender Since time in memorial, there have been noticeable salary gaps between the two genders in majority of the existing occupations. Although there have been some level of salary parity between male and female in professional occupations, the level of wages gaps are still high between the two groups. Studies have clearly revealed that, generally, men earn higher salaries than women even when at the same job group and mostly female dominated jobs are low paying compared to male dominated jobs, which pay better wages and salaries. According to the analysis carried on the Bureau of Labor Statistics data in 1998, it was revealed that gender salary dispar ities continue to persist. In this case, â€Å"the median weekly pay of full-time working women being 75 percent of the median pay for men in 1996; though women began closing the wage gap in 1980s, the earning for women in salaried full-time year-round positions reached 71 percent of men’s earnings in 1991 after a long stagnation period† (Gibelman, 2003,P.25). One of the contributing factors to low earning among the women is the occupation choices they make. Generally, women are more tied with family obligations such as looking after the children. Though men are increasing being more involved in child upbringing, this area of family life is still considered female oriented. In order to cope with family obligations and work necessities, many women tend to work in part time jobs, which mostly pay lowly and lead to low pay increments; with studies showing that in 2002, 32 percent of women compared to 10.8 percent of men worked part-time, thus the income disparity pitied w omen against the men (Anon, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wage Disparity across Gender, Race, and Ethnicity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other factors that may limit women’s choice include â€Å"lack of affordable child care, a spouse’s unwillingness to share family responsibility, lack of flexible working schedule, and lack of well paying part-time jobs, which cause women to drop out of the workforce for longer periods than men, hence eventually they losing their career momentum and needed experience leading them to end up in jobs that pay less† (Howard, 2004, P.19). A women choice is just one of the many complex factors that are put forward by scholars in trying to explain the continued wage disparity between men and women. The position of authority at work is always associated with better pay and room for advancement in ones career path. Research on authority at work pla ce mainly relate to its attainment and returns associated with the authority. Several studies conducted by sociologist and economist have concluded that women are less likely to ascend to positions with much decision-making power and they receive lower authority returns than men. Thus, women reap little authority returns from education and experience compared to men, even though education produces a lot of positive results for women at lowest levels of authority, while for men education enable them to reap more benefits at highest levels of authority (Romero, Margolis, 2005, P. 175). Between the male and female dominated occupations, gender seems to play a significant role in determining the occupants of the position of authority in the workplace. Several research studies have revealed that jobs dominated by women are mostly characterized by lower level of authority, with male dominated jobs experiencing little authority gaps between the two groups. However, in jobs with many women , there is reduced room for progress for both men and women, though men are more likely to climb to decision-making authority in that set up (Romero, Margolis, 2005, P. 175). The level authority thus has also contributed to the wage disparity between male and female employees of same qualifications. After many studies being undertaken, still the wage disparity between men and women cannot be completely explained or be solved in most of occupations.Advertising Looking for research paper on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the analysis conducted by the General Accounting Office study, after taking care of all major factors that affect wage gap, majority of women earned 80 percent of what men earned in 2000, and the evaluation was unable to account for the remaining 20 percent earning gap, even if the other factors contributing to discrimination which can cause wage gap were considered (U.S. General Accounting Office, 2003). Further, studies have shown that wage disparity between men and women are historical in that, even in situations where men and women occupy same job group and work in similar conditions they still exist. According to studies carried on wage disparities in the profession of social workers, the salaries of social workers who are members of NASW supported the historic trend in wage gaps, since in 1995, still the gaps existed with the median income of female respondents being $ 34,135 and $ 37,503 for male respondents (Gibelman Schervish, 1997). Wage disparity and race/et hnicity issues The Civil Rights Act clearly prohibits discrimination of employees by the employers based on race, color, gender, sexual orientation, religion, and background. Though these laws are there to protect the employees against racial discrimination, up to date studies show that there are significant wage gaps between the whites and the African Americans and other minority groups. Researchers have mainly identified two factors that they have based their arguments in, trying to explain the continuing wage disparity between the two groups. These two factors include racial discrimination and level of expertise between the two groups at their workplaces. The issue of racial discrimination in the work place is still common, with some employers acknowledging that they practice it. According to studies carried out by Kirschenman and Neckerman (1991), it was revealed that several of Chicago employers they involved in the study discriminated against the African Americans and workers from the inner city, and around 74 percent of the employers had negative attitudes towards the African American young men (Coleman, 2003, p.894). Through studies involving use regression method, researchers have been able to show that wage gaps among different race groups in a workplace can mainly be attributed to discrimination rather than lack of skills. According to Coleman (2003), the African American men and women still face more discrimination in wage increment and promotion than whites after all factors have been accounted for, and they also earn less compared to the whites working in the same organization, implying that racial discrimination continues to exist in the workplaces. According to the regressions studies carried out by Mason to evaluate the lack of skills issue in relation to wage gaps, he found out that â€Å"whites received larger returns on job tenure than blacks or Latinos; white Latinos, whether immigrant or native, have higher wages than nonwhite Latinos, i mmigrant or native† (Mason, 1999). The race factor in wage disparity is not a gender issue, but rather, it ascribed by the discrimination that exist among the groups that are working in the same workplace. Browne and Misra, while conducting studies to determine earnings gap based on race and gender found out that, â€Å"White women earn more than most Latino men, and Asian women earn more than White women and African American men† (Romero, Margolis, 2005, P. 171). Several studies have been conducted to evaluate how job mobility may affect wage gaps among the different groups yielding varied results. One of the profound studies is the research that was carried out by Alon and Tienda to determine how young women’s job mobility affects racial and ethnic wage growth gaps. They found out that African American and Hispanic women experienced less job mobility compared to the white women. Secondly, the unskilled women who made several job changes in the first four post school years had better wage returns, but beyond that, the returns dwindled. Lastly, the job changes do not appear to improve wage growth for the skilled women (Alon Tienda, 2005). This study, coupled with other studies, indicates that job mobility can cause wage disparity among different group, especially in unskilled sectors were mobility appear to favor Whites against other groups. Recommendations Wage disparity across gender, race, and ethnicity has been one of the predominant social problems facing our society since ancient times. Though eliminating wage disparity across these areas is quite difficult to achieve, significantly reducing these disparity can be achieved through various remedies. The following recommendations can significantly help in reducing wage gaps brought about by gender, race, and ethnicity issues. First, the government, the civil societies, and other stakeholders should press the congress to pass the Paycheck Fairness Act bill that has been pending many ye ars. The Civil Rights Act outlaws various form of discrimination but still it lack some provision that would tackle issues of all forms of discrimination appropriately. This bill would ensure that women get equal pay they deserve for the equal job they do. They â€Å"put gender-based wage discrimination on par with other forms of wage discrimination, such as that based on race, by allowing women to sue for compensatory and punitive damages, rather than just for back pay; Limit the legitimate reasons employers can give in court for wage disparities; and, Prohibit employers from retaliating against employees who discuss their wages† (Hall, 2010). This bill will empower legal and organizational mechanisms for addressing wage disparity across gender, race, and ethnicity, something that will enable workers to earn what they rightfully deserve, enhancing their economic security, and gradually aiding the country’s economic recovery. Secondly, the government and the community at large should empower existing or come up with programs that can enlighten people about their rights, offer career mentoring, and improve the financial literacy of all workers. These would be powerful tools in ensuring that workers are able to advocate for equal pay for equal job, making right career choices or move, and investing in what they earn for their future and that of the country. Thirdly, professional bodies should regularly sponsor and organize forums involving all stakeholders from local to national level, to discuss and evaluate the gender-related issues and to formulate ways of eliminating wage disparities in the work place (Gibelman, 2003, P.28). Lastly, the government should encourage more women to venture in male dominated careers such as engineering, architecture, in efforts to earn better pay and bridge the wage gaps between the two genders. Conclusion Government through it programs for monitoring wage discrimination and other form of employment discrimination s hould be conducting several checks in all workplaces and ensure that these vices are eliminated and these programs should always be on going to ensure that wage discriminations has been eliminated and it does not resurface. Wage disparity being a social problem all the involved parties’ i.e. employers, employees, government, professional bodies and the community should cultivating a culture of continued engagement among all the parties to ensure that issues of wage disparity are addressed in all places. Since wage disparities cannot be accounted by the differences in skills, all organizations embrace proper unbiased performance appraisal systems for their employees, which will reward only the deserving individuals rather than an ascribed group of individuals due to their association References Alon, S. Tienda, M. (2005). Job Mobility and Early Career Wage Growth of White, African-American, and Hispanic Women. Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 86, p1196-1217, 22p. Web. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=c13d14f7-7172-43ff-b532-ac7b6b12113c%40sessionmgr12vid=5hid=8bquery=%28Wage+disparity+AND+race%29bdata=JmRiPWE5aCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl Anon. (2003). Highlights of Women’s Earnings in 2002, 2003. U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. Coleman, M.G. (2003). Job Skill and Black Male Wage Discrimination. Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 84(4), p892-906, 15p. Blackwell Publishing Limited. Web. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?sid=c13d14f7-7172-43ff-b532-ac7b6b12113c%40sessionmgr12vid=5hid=8bquery=%28Wage+disparity+AND+race%29bdata=JmRiPWE5aCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl Gibelman, M. (2003). So How Far Have We Come? Pestilent and Persistent Gender Gap in Pay. Social Work, Vol. 48 Issue 1, p22-32, 11p. Web. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=6hid=107sid=b8090b34-58ce-4b49-af0f-7d94d348e019%40sessionmgr113 Gibelman, M. Schervish, P.H. (1997). Who are we: A s econd look. Washington, DC: NASW Press. Hall, M. (2010). Obama to Push Congress on Pay-Fairness Bill. USA Today, 07/20/2010. Web. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4hid=11sid=c5748f62-cf47-4269-bf0a-647c6e945307%40sessionmgr11bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9hAN=J0E079739590910 Howard, L. (2004). Wage disparity: still a concern? Tennessee Economic Council on Women. Web. Retrieved from http://frank.mtsu.edu/~berc/tnbiz/women/pdfs/wages.pdf Karsten, M. F. (2006). Gender, Race, and Ethnicity in the Workplace [Three Volumes] [3 Volumes]: Issues and Challenges for Todays Organizations. USA. Greenwood Publishing Group. Web. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=qkfbPOLDKeoCpg=PA285dq=Wage+disparity+across+gender,+race,+and+ethnicitycd=1#v=onepageqf=false Mason, P. L. (1999). Male Interracial Wage Differentials: Competing Explanations. Cambridge. Journal of Economics, Vol. 23, p261–299. Romero, M. Margolis, E., 2005. The Blackwell companion to social inequalities. NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. U.S. General Accounting Office. (2003). Women’s Earnings: Work Patterns Partially Explain Difference between Men’s and Women’s Earnings. Web. Retrieved from gao.gov/.

Reflective journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflective journal - Essay Example This chapter presents a transparent idea about gerontology and what it is all about. Starting from the etymology of the word to its recent purpose and development are discussed thoroughly and with sound evidences throughout the chapter. Chapter 1 of the book prepares its readers to understand the complexity and myth regarding aging. The evidences are skilfully derived and help to wipe out many common inhibitions regarding old age. The first chapter itself shows the path that the entire book deals with. Old age is nothing more than a passing phase of life and has its own delicacies and intricacies very much similar to any other phase of human life. The book is a psychological plethora and treasure house of academic research about the adulthood as a phase in human life. It systematically enables its readers to understand the subtleties of old age and the initiating chapter in this regard is very helping and thoughtful and renders a free passage, access to the entire volume generating elaborate and skilful interest. Chapter 2 of the book precisely deals with the troubles and major myths concerned with the problems of aging. The precise definition for the initiating period for adulthood is difficult. The chronological age for the adulthood varies from culture to culture. At places it is dependent on the activity and responsibility, an individual is bearing. At other places, it is guided by certain cultural complexities and inhibitions. The chapter is precisely concerned with the events that mark the transitional phases of life. Events which are responsible for marking the initiation of the adulthood, along with the concepts of love, Erikson’s Identity crisis, the concept of intimacy are some of the key concepts discussed in the chapter thoroughly. The chapter 2 of the book bearing the name â€Å"Young Adulthood:

Services Management - EFQM Excellence Model and Radar Logic Essay

Services Management - EFQM Excellence Model and Radar Logic - Essay Example The fundamental objective for the study is highlighting the effectiveness of the model in the actual business scenario. Further, the paper will discuss the significance of the model which is the practical and objective approach to make operations of a company better. The challenges and critique on the model which include the fact that mathematical details are not inclusive will be highlighted. Since this is a secondary report, the main methods used to compile the report were library study and internet research. A case study of Mr. Smith, a customer with Executive Bank PLC who lost valuables will be the basis of focus on how EFQM can be a turnaround tool. The findings on the case exposed the lack of proper communication by the operations and customer care department. The report recommends that the company should carry out systematic checks on its operations and adopt a continuous improvement of systems. Secondly, proper staff and communication channels are recommended to avoid any fut ure problem. Table of Contents Executive Summary Introduction EFQM: Background Information Principles Value addition to the customer Creating sustainability Developing an organizational capability Harnessing creativity and innovation. Vision, integrity and inspiration Possessing agility Managing talent Continuous results Purpose of EFQM Significance Challenges and criticism of EFQM Case study: Executive Bank PLC. Gold Card Protection Service Possible Causes of the Problem EFQM Solutions for the Gold Card Protection Service Developing an operational network Redesigning of the operations of the card service Prioritize issues Use of the EFQM Concept as an exemplification of the above Solutions Use of The Radar System Conclusion Recommendations References Further sources Introduction It is the objective of each organization or firm to offer quality services and satisfy all interested stakeholders. Many models have been created to measure and control the performances of these firms at sp ecified periods according to Afuah and Tucci (2003, p9). As effective as they may be, each of the models has been found to have a considerable degree of limitations. The most effective of these models ought to have three qualities that can be of use by the management and employees namely innovation, collaboration and cooperation. It is obvious that service delivery executed at the highest level does not only satisfy a customer, it also motivates the employee to work better and give better results. The EFQM or European Framework for Quality management incorporates the three qualities that can harness these desired results in the service sectors such as banking and insurance. The model was launched in 1991 on the platform of eight fundamental concepts of quality management. With over 30,000 small and large organizations applying its principles, EFQM has proved to be not only reliable but also an effective framework of management. This exercise focuses on EFQM principles and their sign ificance, its critique and its application relates to a bank namely, Executive Bank PLC. EFQM: Background Information After the great depression of the 1930’s and the emergence of new markets, organizations in America began to look for new ways of doing business. This was mostly motivated by the drive to do business in an effective and efficient manner. Research activities in various institutions were ongoing on the aspect of

Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Annotated Bibliography Example Most of the authors reviewed agree that enough adequate research has not been carried out to understand post traumatic stress disorder and its symptoms. Some articles brought up controversial issue by making an assertion that the rates suicide among militants is higher than that of the general public. They have differed on the most common symptom observed from PTSD sufferers. The articles are helpful when carrying out literature review on symptoms and treatment of PTSD. Most of the articles reviewed making reference to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 4th Edition Text Revision as a valuable reference for understanding the symptoms of PTSD. This is critical when carrying literature review since they can act as a guide in choosing materials for the review. Bryan, C., & Anestis, M. (2011). Reexperiencing symptoms and the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among deployed service members evaluated for traumatic brain injury. Journal Of Clinical Psychology, 67(9), 856-865. Finley, E., Baker, M., Pugh, M., & Peterson, A. (2010). Patterns and Perceptions of Intimate Partner Violence Committed by Returning Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Journal Of Family Violence, 25(8), 737-743. doi:10.1007/s10896-010-9331-7 Gibbons, S. W., Hickling, E. J., & Watts, D. (2012). Combat stressors and post-traumatic stress in deployed military healthcare professionals: an integrative review. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 68(1), 3-21. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05708.x Herzog, J., Everson, R. R., & Whitworth, J. (2011). Do Secondary Trauma Symptoms in Spouses of Combat-Exposed National Guard Soldiers Mediate Impacts of Soldiers Trauma Exposure on Their Children? Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 28(6), 459-473. doi:10.1007/s10560-011-0243-z Polusny, M., Erbes, C., Murdoch, M., Arbisi, P., Thuras, P., & Rath, M. (2011). Prospective risk factors for new-onset post-traumatic stress disorder in National Guard soldiers deployed to

The effects unemployment has on crime

The effects unemployment has on crime Unemployment occurs when people are without jobs and they have actively looked for  work  within the past four weeks.  The unemployment rate is a measure of the prevalence of unemployment and it is calculated as a percentage by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by all individuals currently in the  labour force (the  International Labour Organization). There never occurs full employment in the country. But there are different methods of combating unemployment. There are some countries that reached a minimum unemployment figure. A good example of this are the post World War II era when there was a huge economic growth occurring. e.g. the United Kingdom in the 1950s and 60s when the average unemployment rate was at about 1.6 % (John Sloman (2004).  Economics. Penguin. p.  811), and in Australia in the 1945  government established a policy of full employment, which lasted until the 1970s when the government ran out of money. The latest statistics for UK unempl oyment is The unemployment rate stands at 7.7% down 0.1% over the quarter. 29.19 million people were in work in July to September according to the labour force survey (LFS). The number of people employed was up by 167,000 this quarter and up by nearly 300,000 from last year. (HRM Guide, 13 October 2010) As anyone can derive, there is a relationship between crime and unemployment. There have been a lot of studies into this topic as a low level of crime is socially desirable. Therefore, governments of all countries have tried to combat the problem of rising crime levels. A good example of the latter is post Soviet Russia. Crime rate in the 1980s increased to very high levels. This was the outcome of the collapse of the Soviet Union, because with it everything collapsed the law enforcement systems, social security, and minimal standard of living. And, obviously, these are the perfect conditions for an outbreak of crime. Extreme poverty and unpaid wages, which resulted from a suffering economy, have led to property crimes, theft and counterfeiting. By the early 1990s, theft, burglary, and other property crimes accounted for nearly two-thirds of all crime in the country.  There was a rapid growth of violent crime, including homicides.( Crime in the Soviet Era  Federal Research Division,  Library of Congress). In present times, though, Russia has done well in fighting this nightmare of crime. There are many other countries that have fought and are still combating this problem. By the use of the example of Russia, I wanted to show that unemployment is considered a very important cause of crime in any country, together with law enforcement problems and also labour market opportunities. Economic theories of the effect of crime on unemployment  « how many resources and how much punishment should  be used to enforce different kinds of legislation? Put equivalently, although more strangely, how many offenses should  be permitted and how many offenders should go unpunished. Gary Becker (1968). Becker (1968) is considered to be the first work which formally analyses the issue of crime using an economic model. Becker links the problem of crime to social welfare. It is assumed that criminals are as rational as any other person. And, therefore, if they are involved i n crime activities, it means that they are better off by doing so. The issue of opportunity cost comes up quite frequently in these discussions. If a potential offender, despite the knowledge that he has about the punishment he will get if he commits a crime, still goes and does it it means that the reward that he is aiming at justifies the probability of him getting caught and convicted. When looking at crime, the concept of rationality is applied not only to criminals, but to all parties involved judges, policemen, legislators and potential victims. So, when the institutions that control crime are designed, their main concern is not the crimes that are committed and how much they weigh, but the costs that occur to the society. As an example, if it takes half of the population to be turned into judges, policemen, etc in order to decrease the crime rate by 70%, it would probably not happen in the real life, because the cost of doing so is too high. Becker constructed a model, which identifies optimal levels of punishment by minimising the social c ost induced by both combating crime and crimes themselves. This model predicts the aggregated supply of offences. The number of offences a criminal would commit, according to Becker, would be negatively related to the probability of apprehension and the severity of punishment. It also includes a certain u term, which includes all other variables that can influence the predicted outcome e.g. income from legal and illegal activities, education, risk aversion, etc. But, this variable u is not explicitly studied by Becker. This work was later on continued by Ehrlich (1972, 1973). Ehrlich states that a person is able to spend time on both legal and illegal activities, but the amount of time that one dedicates to any of those activities depends on the amount of utility (return) that he gets from it. By 1973, Ehrlich designed a mathematical model that describes this relationship. Ehrlich bases his model on the decision making under uncertainty theory. The assumption used is that a person can switch between legal and illegal activities during their lifetime, depending, as I have mentioned earlier, on the amount of utility they get from them (activities). There is no training and no costs involved in changing between the two. So, it is obvious, that an increase in opportunities in the legal market, e.g. higher probability of employment and higher wages would increase the expected utility gained from legal activities and so and individual, being rational, would spend more time on legal, rather than illegal deeds. Therefore, keeping a low level of unemployment, in theory will decrease the crime level. Cohen and Felson (1979) have proposed that in order for a crime to be done, it need three factors to be satisfied: motivated offenders, suitable victims and the lack of effective legal punishment system. Leading from this, the increase in crime production is caused by an increase in the first two factors under the third an ineffective legal system. This argument only supports the prediction made in Ehrlichs model. We can deduce a positive relationship between the rate of unemployment and the crime rate. On the other side of the argument, Cantor and Land (1985) have predicted a negative relationship between the rate of unemployment and crime based on the works of Cohen and Felson. They suggested that the higher the unemployment, the less people there are in the second category (suitable victims). If there are more unemployed, those who lost their jobs stay at home and therefore avoid the risk of having their house robbed, for example. Also, a higher rate of unemployment is a sign of a recession, which means that there is less for the offenders to steal, for example. So, higher unemployment may reduce property crimes. Also, using the same logic, we can deduce a reduction in violent crimes again through a reduction in that second factor suitable victims. Statistically, most violent crimes are committed by strangers, so if you stay at home, you avoid that risk. Cantor and Land have designed an empirical model which tests the motivation and opportunity effects of unemployment rate on crime. There are several equations under estimation. The dependant variables include the differentiated levels of crimes like homicide, rape, assault, robbery, theft, burglary, etc. Independent variables are either up to date or differentiated unemployment rates. The argument in this paper is that in case of a financial crisis those that become unemployed will receive some unemployment benefits, etc. And therefore they might not turn to criminal activities straight away, but after they are under financial pressure in case unemployment benefits or an alternative source of income expires. This model has been criticized by several researchers in this area. For example, Greenberg in 2001 has argued that those who become unemployed might not have the sufficient resources to keep themselves, while out of work. This factor might make them engage in illegal activities, which contradicts the outcomes on the Cantor and Land model. He also questioned the mathematical approach of the model. Greenberg (2001) claimed that it is mathematically unacceptable if the differencing procedure is only carried out on the crime rates but not the explanatory variables. Also, Hale and Sabbagh (1991) have questioned mainly the empirical work of Cantor and Land. The ideas of integration and cointegration were introduced to show that their models  are mis-specified. Leading from this, it is argued that any conclusions drawn from their work are probably unreliable. There are other papers that only try to derive the net effect of unemployment on crime, rather than taking into account motivation and opportunity costs. A good example is a paper written by Fleisher (1963). In it, the author argues that there is a positive correlation between parent unemployment and youth crime. If there is a high level of unemployment in the country, adults become unemployed and it becomes very hard for them to provide for their children, who, therefore, might turn to illegal activities. Fleisher uses time series data to test this relationship because it gives a more thorough view of the relationship of different variable in a long period of time. The prediction of the model is justified using an OLS estimation and shows a positive and significant correlation between unemployment rate and youth crime. Some researchers preferred to use panel data to investigate this area. For example, a paper written by Raphael and Winter-Ebmer (2001) uses this approach. The argument in this paper is that there is a dependent relationship between crime and unemployment. One might be the cause of the other. E.g. high crime rates in the country will deter investment and so add to an increase in unemployment, which is what happens in countries like Russia. Because Russia is known for white-collar crime, it is a serious obstacle to foreign direct investment. (Forbes.com). Also, people who have had a criminal record might find it very difficult to find a job a so remain unemployed. The results of the OLS estimations of the model are the following: there is a positive relationship between unemployment and property crimes, but, on the other hand, there are insignificant results regarding the relationship between unemployment and more severe crimes like rape and murder. Although, one very interesting point of findings of this paper is the negative relationship between unemployment and murder. The explanation of this can potentially be found in Ehrlichs three factor model. Unemployment could decrease the potential interaction between a criminal and a victim.

Womens Education in Mansfield Park Essays -- Mansfield Park Essays

Women's Education in Mansfield Park      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Mansfield Park, Jane Austen presents three different kinds of formal education for women. Two of these have the ultimate goal of marriage, while the third is, possibly, as close to a gentleman's education as a woman's could be. Although there is some overlapping of these three types, each one is, basically, embodied in one of the major female characters -- Maria Bertram, Mary Crawford, and Fanny Price -- to show the follies and the triumphs of each. Unlucky Maria's education teaches her next to nothing, and Mary's has no true substance below the bright surface. The timid, mousy Fanny Price, however, may be partly in debt to her progressive education for the happiness that she earns at the end of the novel.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Austen's world, a girl's education was almost inseparable from her home life. What she learned and, consequently, her conduct, was often a reflection of what her household was like, and this is certainly true of Maria and Mary.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maria, brought up by a distant father, an indolent mother, and an indulgent aunt, doesn't learn until too late that selfish actions can bring disastrous consequences. (What is said for Maria in the subject of education is, of course, also true for Julia -- however, for the sake of brevity, and as Maria is the more prominent character of the two, she is the model of comparison in this essay.) Sir Thomas regrets his neglect of his daughters' moral education after Maria's character is exposed:    He had meant them to be good, but his cares had been directed to the understanding and manners,... ...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fanny fares the best of the three characters discussed, by being true to herself, and by being considerate of others. She receives what is due to her, as a classical hero does -- she is torn away from her rightful place as eldest sister, to be thrust into a lowly position where she must prove herself worthy before returning to her first home. There, she finds things have changed for the worst, but helps set things right before riding away to a new life of domestic felicity. The way Fanny was brought up, her moral and formal education, are akin to tools and amulets carried by mythical heroes -- they may not always be obvious, but they are a source of strength and comfort in the hero's times of need.    Works Cited Austen, Jane.   MansfieldPark. 1814. London: Oxford University Press, 1966.

Narrative Reports

SHIPBOARD TRAINING The objective of the shipboard training program is to develop individual skills. It   should   prepare   each person   to   fill   his   billet   aboard   ship,   to   accept   more responsibility,   and   to   advance   in   rating. Individual training is the basis for team training, which is the basis for training an entire ship. The shipboard training program must consider the ship’s organizational framework   Ã‚  and   Ã‚  operating schedules if it is to meet training needs. Personnel must be trained within their shipboard roles so that analysis of training can include the following: 1.Observation of team or group and individual performance 2. Comparison   Ã‚  of   Ã‚  performance   Ã‚  with   Ã‚  standard criteria 3. Recognition   of   methods   for   improvement 4. Attention   Ã‚  to   Ã‚  training   Ã‚  potential   Ã‚  and   Ã‚  the elimination of training paper work In fast changing ship board environment the need of a properly competent seafarer has never been more prominent, there is a growing demand for onboard training services to refresh crew knowledge and verify the safe through training, drills and exercises. On our board training services are design to review familiarization of equipment and assess the emergency preparedness of the crew.Where necessary on board training will consider: 1. Proper use and maintenance of relevant equipment and training material 2. Allocation of duties and responsibilities 3. Procedures and methods of communication. 4. Actions to be taken On the job training or OJT is one method by which students is given a chance to apply the knowledge and skills that they have learned from the school. It also helps the students to acquire relevant knowledge and skills by performing in actual work setting. Colleges and universities require their students to undergo such training within a specific number of hours as part of the curriculum.For the students, an OJT or internship program provides opportunities to go  through  the  actual  methodologies  of  a  specific  job  using  the  real  tools, equipments and documents. In effect, the workplace becomes a development venue for a student trainee to learn more about his chosen field and practice what he has learn from academy. On the  other hand, an effective OJT program also benefits the companies who accept trainees. OJT or intern provides additional manpower for lesser labor cost than a regular employee. OJT’s can bring fresh ideas  into the organization.Given the opportunity to speak  their  minds  freely  and  without  fear,  they  maybe  able  to  contribute significantly in brainstorming sessions or research and eventually help improve the organizations productivity. While training the interns, employers are in fact also teaching their employees to process of guiding the trainees stretches their  patience, dev elops teaching skills and makes them more sensitive to the needs and mind set of the younger generation. The course of supervision also teaches them how to share what they know and be receptive to questions.Hence, the internship also becomes an avenue in training for future managers of the company. Accommodating on-the-job trainees can truly be beneficial not only to the trainees but also to the companies that provide opportunities for this type of  learning. There is wisdom in the front lines. Such training can be an investment that will be valuable to the company later on. This is also why trainees should take their internship seriously as it can become a powerful tool and possibly even a source of recommendation when they take that big lift from being students to career professionals.SuperFerry, founded as  Aboitiz SuperFerry, is a shipping company based in  Manila,Philippines. It is the country’s largest shipping company,with its main hub located in Pier 15 in  Ma nila South Harbor. It has one of the more modern shipping fleets in the Philippines and operates the largest fleet of inter-island vessels in the country. [1] The shipping company was formerly known as  William, Gothong & Aboitiz  (WG&A). Aboitiz bought out the William Lines and Gothong Lines Group. The Gothong Group restarted its own shipping company called Carlos A.Gothong Lines (CAGLI), while the William Group opted to concentrate on its logistics, warehousing, and courier business, called Fast Logistics. Currently, SuperFerry and its sister companies  SuperCat  and  Cebu Ferries  are subsidiaries of the  Aboitiz Group. The Aboitiz group is one of the largest and most diversified corporations in the country with business interests spanning various industries in the Philippines such as power, banking, food production, property development, construction, shipbuilding, and leisure/resort.The Aboitiz name has been synonymous with transport since it purchased its first v essel, the Picket, in 1907. Today, it is the largest inter-island movers of p***engers and cargo in the Philippines. In 2004, we refreshed the SuperFerry brand that would reflect our renewed promise of P***ion for Service. Now, you can enjoy visiting the different island destinations all over the Philippines through a unique sea travel experience that only SuperFerry can deliver with the comforts and convenience of well appointed accommodations and first of its cl*** amenities and facilities onboard.We have 10 vessels: SuperFerry 1, SuperFerry 2, SuperFerry 5, SuperFerry 9, SuperFerry 12, SuperFerry 15, SuperFerry 16, SuperFerry 19, Our Lady of Medjugorje, and Our Lady of Good Voyage. We sail to 18 ports of call all over the Philippines, including Bacolod, Butuan, Ca***an de Oro, Cebu, Coron, Cotabato, Davao, Dipolog, Dumaguete, General Santos, Iligan, Iloilo, Manila, Ozamis, Puerto Princesa, Surigao, Tagbilaran, and Zamboanga.

Rin TIn Tin essays

Rin TIn Tin essays The Dynasty and Legacy of Rin Tin Tin Some twelve thousand years ago, in what is now the Jordan Valley of Israel, a middle-aged man of the Natufian civilization died. When modern archaeologists excavated his tomb, they found that he had been buried with one hand lying on a puppy that had been buried with him. According to the archaeologists, that tomb shows that the very first animal domesticated by the human race was the dog, which was mankind's hunting companion and pet since ancient times (Edelson, 28). In the catacombs of Hollywood we uncover another representative of this great canine legacy a dog named Rin Tin Tin. He was one of the first animal stars beloved to not one man but to millions of fans around the world. This entertainment great changed Hollywood and acted as a guide and example for successive animal celebrities. Rin Tin Tin showed the world that an animal could be just as big of a star as a human. This was one of the ironic truths for those working with Rinty as they used to call him. He would always steal the show from his human counterparts. Rinty was a strong influence to many future animal stars such as Lassie and Bengi. Rinty made dogs and other animals heros in the hearts of the people. He gave people an appreciation for animals all over the world. Even though Rinty helped other species of animal actors break through he was the biggest influence on other dogs in the film industry. Rin Tin Tin did have a predecessor. One of the greatest of those before Rin Tin Tin was a German shepherd named Strongheart. Director Larry Trimble decided in 1920 that a series of films starring a heroic dog would be a profitable venture and so the first dog star was made (Rothel, 152). A three-year-old German shepherd named Etzel von Oeringen, born of champion stock in Germany and trained to kill for military purposes was trained to be an actor in American motion pictures...

DH Lawrences Mountain Lion and Snake Essays

DH Lawrences Mountain Lion and Snake Essays DH Lawrences Mountain Lion and Snake Paper DH Lawrences Mountain Lion and Snake Paper Essay Topic: Literature DH Lawrence (1885-1930) is one of the outstanding British authors of the early 20th century. It was obvious from an early age that Lawrence was a gifted child. Raised in a working class environment, he was the son of a Nottinghamshire miner. His mother, however, was from a middle class background. Due to the social contrast their marriage was not successful and Lawrence would often have to witness his father coming home drunk and beating his mother. Despite his background, Lawrence received a first class education by earning scholarships through high school and university. He attended Nottingham University, qualified as a teacher in 1908 and worked at a school in Croydon until 1912. He rejected society and society rejected him and his somewhat radical views. In the same year he eloped with Freiedra Weekley, the German wife of a professor at Nottingham University College, to travel the world. During his extensive travels Lawrence was able to refine his views and develop a better understanding of the world around him. Many of his poems were autobiographical, much like the poem Mountain Lion. While staying in Mexico, in the Lobo Valley, he wrote Mountain Lion which was based on his experience with the native Mexicans. The poem starts with a vivid description of the situation and scenery. This is very characteristic of Lawrences poems. He produces powerful but brief verses which set the scene for the reader. He does this by using a selection of main points such as colours and distinctive features in the landscape. After the scene is set there is immediate drama with the sudden entrance of two men. Men! Two men! Men! The only animal in the world to fear! From the quote above one can see a powerful technique that is common to many of Lawrences poems. He uses repetition for effect in conjunction with very short staccato phrases. There is tension, a feeling of panic and an uncertainty of who the men are, as they seem of a dangerous nature. It is also in this quotation that Lawrence reveals one of his key beliefs; his fear of man, a source of fear for the whole of creation. The drama in the poem has begun but Lawrence has still not declared the subject. One is left wondering from whose point of view the poem is. Linked with the title there is the distinct possibility that it could be from the mountain lions point of view, which would also link with the fear of man. There is then a moment of hesitation, a sense of drama, tension and uncertainty. Short sentences are used again with repetition for impact, heightening the sense of drama. They hesitate. We hesitate. They have a gun. We have no gun. The fear towards man is reinforced by the fact that they have guns. The situation could be dangerous, but theres an uncertainty about what to do. The use of bold statements is used to make the reality of the situation more apparent. They are unarmed, unlike the people approaching. There is then a moment of confrontation as they all advance to meet. The tension appears to subside as the strangers approach. A vague description of the approaching party is given, creating the impression that they are strangers trespassing on the inwardness of the Lobo Valley. The only true information given is that they are Mexicans, adding to the whole foreign feeling. Descriptive words such as emerge are used to make their approach out of the dark signify a sense of evil and wrong. There is then repeated questioning of why they are there, what they are doing and what they have. These questions show an uncertainty and suspicious nature towards the Mexicans. Lawrence then proceeds to ask the Mexicans in Spanish what they are holding. By speaking in Spanish he emphasizes the strangeness of the whole affair the use of the foreign language shows differences. The Mexican is carrying a lion and upon telling this to Lawrence smiles, foolishly indicating guilt. They are embarrassed that they have been caught doing wrong. Lawrence smiles back. There is tension. Neither party is sure what to do. Lawrence then studies the Mexicans faces. He is quite gentle and dark-faced. Although being a killer, the Mexican is just like everyone else. Lawrence then studies the lion, once again using a brief but vivid account shown in the following quotation: It is a mountain lion, A long, long, slim cat, yellow like a lioness. Dead. There is a feeling of shock and surprise that it is a mountain lion. The length of the sentence describing the mountain lion adds to the affect of how long the lion is, using repetition on the word long. Emphasis is then put on the single word dead. There is a strong feeling of sorrow towards the mountain lion. A great wrong has been done, an immoral injustice towards the mountain lion. The Mexicans are still embarrassed and smiling foolishly. The mountain lion is described in depth, a thing of beauty. There is a sense of brilliance about the mountain lion even though it is dead. A selection of strong descriptive words depict the lions finest features such as bright, frost, fine-fashioned, brilliant, beautiful. Many of the words are repeated throughout the description to get the point across. Lawrence genuinely finds the lion beautiful. There is a mixture of fierceness and splendour. The Mexicans seem friendly but are truly destructive like the rest of the human race. It was a heartless killing for no reason. There is a great deal of thoughtfulness in what Lawrence writes, and a sense of sadness that he is also human and therefore destructive too. As the Mexicans leave, Lawrence continues into the gloom of the Lobo Valley. By using that one word there is a feeling that the landscape has been spoilt by the Mexicans. The damage has been done. Lawrence discovers her lair and there is a sense of emptiness. Something is missing the lion. Once again, using a vivid description, he describes the situation of the lair. By using a number of clean-cut words and phrases, Lawrence conveys a real feel of the place. The blood-orange, brilliant rocks. There is a sense of mourning as Lawrence thinks about the times when the lion would have been alive. The use of alliteration and a long sentence, once again linking to the lions length, adds to the effect. He describes the lion as if it was the king of its environment, something to be admired. The whole feel of emptiness increases as he says: Her bright striped frost-face will never look out any more, He feels that this has been a great loss to the world. It is a shock to him, like a dream. He is sorry that the lion is gone, and that she will never be able to look out over the valley again. He regrets that he is the one looking out. He uses vivid description once again to describe the mountains, conveying a strong sense of foreign place and emptiness. The landscape may look perfect, but it is deprived of the lion. He uses all these descriptions to reveal what a true loss the lion is, and how the landscape will never be the same again. He looks across to the opposite steep and studies the scene, comparing it to a Christmas toy, a feeling of it being unspoilt on the other side. The death of the lion will make no difference to the rest of the world, life will go on as before. He believes that this was a needless death and a heartless killing. He conveys how needless the death was by saying And I think in this empty world there was room for me and a mountain lion. With a spur of the moment reaction he makes a bold statement, which many people find shocking and heartless on his part: And I think in the world beyond, how easily we might spare a million or two humans And never miss them. He does not truly mean this, he is merely trying to get his point across by putting the incident into perspective. One finds it shocking to hear him compare the death of a mountain lion to two million people, but proportionately the mountain lion is a much bigger loss. The last sentence is a final thought, which makes one realise the gap in the world from the death of a mountain lion. While on his travels, Lawrence also went to the island of Sicily where he wrote another similar themed poem Snake. This starts with drama as a snake drinks from Lawrences water-trough. The most apparent aspect of the first verse is the over-whelming heat for which Lawrence uses repetition to get the feeling across. This is emphasised by the fact that he is wearing pyjamas because of the heat. Although there is a snake at his drinking trough Lawrence does not appear to be too worried or shocked and studies the snake in awe. He appears to be in some sort of daze. One is given this impression because he does not appear to be shocked and the fact that it is so hot. As he walks down the steps he is able to capture the feel of the carob tree above him providing shade and a strange-scented smell. He does this by selecting a few key points about the tree. As he comes down the steps, he waits. There is emphasis on the word wait, using repetition. Lawrence is waiting for the snake to finish. He is acting towards the snake as if it were human, waiting his turn, which is the courteous thing to do. The snake then reaches down from the wall. Its movement is described as somewhat leisurely. The snake is an elegant creature in looks and in movement. And trailed his yellow-brown slackness soft-bellied down The overall impression of the snake is very relaxed and leisurely and is not the intimidating impression of snakes that we often associate with them. A similar technique is used in Snake as in Mountain Lion, that is the use of long sentences to reflect the length of the animal. The snake takes its time with all its actions as it is lazy like Lawrence on such a hot day. Softly drank through his straight gums, into his slack long body This reinforces the original impression of the snake. This is a characteristic common to both poems, repeating the same movements and view to reinforce them, ensuring that the reader sees it as Lawrence does. Then referring to the snake as someone, Lawrence is almost imagining the snake as human. He considers himself to be the second comer, waiting. The snake is aware of Lawrences presence but is not afraid. Instead, the snake gives Lawrence a vague acknowledgment by lifting its head and flickering its tongue in his general direction. Lawrence is not scared of the snake and compares it to that of drinking cattle. The snake is described in such a way that it appears to be one with the earth. Sicily is known for its volcano, Mount Etna, and the snake has many comparisons to it. The movement of the snake is slow and lazy, similar to that of flowing lava. The snake is described as earth-golden from the burning bowels of the earth. The sense of place is constantly reinforced by the need for water and the tremendous heat. It is then that Lawrence hears the voice of his education. There is a contrast between his attitude towards the snake and the voice of his education. His education is deceitful and self-righteous and pushes him on to kill the snake. All people would have the same approach towards snakes and Lawrence is not afraid to admit his true feelings. And voices in me said, If you were a man You would take a stick and break him now, and finish him off. Certain things are expected of him. He is confused over whether he should do the manly thing. It is now that his true feelings come out about the snake. But must I confess how I liked him, He likes the snake and feels as if it is a guest at his water-trough. He feels honoured that the snake would choose his water-trough. Once again the voice of his education steps in and he questio ns his feelings and motives. He is in awe of the snake but he wonders if this is merely because he is scared or humiliated that he feels so honoured. There is repetition of the questions, constantly asking himself why. He wonders whether he can trust the voices or not. Then he admits that he is truly afraid, and emphasises this by repeating it. He has a greater feeling of honour though that out-weighs the fear. He is honoured that a dignified creature has come out of its secretive home to drink from his trough. Lawrence examines the snake further using vivid description. The snake has a slow dignified movement as it lifts it head from the trough. It has drunk enough. It is an impressive creature with majestic qualities. Lawrence uses similes to make the true nature of the snake apparent. And looked around like a god. There is more concentration on the heat then there is the beauty of the snake. Lawrences statements seem somewhat over the top, and it makes one wonder whether this is due to the dream-like effect caused by the over-whelming heat or possibly due to the mystic hypnotic powers of the snake itself. This is the turning point of the poem. The snake retreats in its dignified manner, leisurely leaving the trough. Repetition is used throughout to emphasise the key words. The spell is broken and Lawrence changes his attitude towards the snake. As it puts its head back into the hole in the earth, Lawrence is horrified to see it leaving. The hole is portrayed as being dreadful. This is because he does not think this is where the snake belongs. There is an element of disappointment, but his emotions build and it turns into a personal matter, as if the snake is doing it deliberately to annoy him. He is overwhelmed by the heat and the experience, so turns back to the voices of his education and acts on them. I looked round, I put down my pitcher, I picked up a clumsy log And threw it at the water-trough with a clatter. He is unsure what to do, and wants to stop the snake, so acts on impulse and picks up the nearest thing to him. The log is described as clumsy to reflect the moment. The snake is now regarded as an enemy in the heat of the moment. As soon as the log has left his hands he regrets it. The snake convulsed back into its hole and lost the dignity that it had had before hand. The snakes poise has been spoilt. Staccato words and sentences are used to reflect the undignified action of the snake. Lawrence is then bewildered at what he has done and is in shock once again. He cannot believe how mean he has been. Referring to The Rime of the Ancient Mariner he compares the retreat of the snake to the albatross. He despises the forces that made him do it. He almost killed the snake for no reason and is left with his guilt. He thinks of the snake as a king who has been exiled to the underworld. He missed his opportunity with one of the lords. He wishes he could remove his extreme guilt from such a petty act. He realises how small-minded he has been. Both poems use very similar poetic techniques to convey Lawrences feelings. They also include similar themes kings of the animal world. It is clear that he feels that humans are inferior to such animals and regrets being part of such a destructive race. There is a strong sense of place in both poems, achieved by selective descriptive words that provide a vivid description. Repetition is used throughout both poems to emphasise the important words, as is alliteration. The poems both start with a dramatic incident, which is then followed later on in the poem by a change of direction. It is clear that there are many faults with human values and actions from the poems. The key difference between the poems is that Mountain Lion is about Lawrence mourning the death and loss of a magnificent creature, delving into the reality of what the world is like with the lion missing. Snake, on the other hand, is all about the guilt that Lawrence has to face, even though no animals died. Both show the same fault with our destructive human nature. Both poems are concerned with Lawrences experience of and reactions to specific animals in specific situations, utilising poetic techniques to convey to the reader his morals and feelings. When considering which poem is more effective, Mountain Lion has a much more hard-hitting story-line than Snake. There is dramatic emphasis on the death of the mountain lion to underline how precious it is, particularly when Lawrence compares its life to that of two million humans. It highlights Lawrences strong convictions and high regard for animal welfare and shows that he was ahead of his time in such thinking. Snake, on the other hand, is less compelling. It deals more with the guilt experienced after committing a petty act of cruelty, which in comparison is of far less significance. It is also difficult to determine the truth of what he says because the reader is constantly aware of the possible effects of the overwhelming heat, which may be inducing a dream-like state of mind. Mountain Lion also uses the poetic techniques discussed earlier more effectively. There is more opportunity to place emphasis because the situation is more dramatic. It also gives a more detailed description of the setting compared with Snake which relies on the reader to use his imagination in a more generally described hot climate. Thus, Mountain Lion is the more detailed and dramtatic of the two and has a more profound effect on the reader.