Issue of civil liability under 42 U.S.C. section 1983 Essay

Issue of civil liability under 42 U.S.C. section 1983 - Essay Example Besides civil liability, this study also intends to address qualified immunity, a decree whose role encompasses shielding all state’s agents like police while executing respective mandates. The fact that it was impractical for all aggrieved parties to present individual claims touching on incurred damages directly to the constitution, it is therefore a requirement that such people result to own lawsuits only achievable through section 1983 (Huth & Cavico, n.d). Besides availing tangible legal remedies more so in terms of monetary damages, this section is essential in predicting the attorney’s fee recovery (Huth & Cavico, n.d). In addition, the affected has the opportunity of lodging complaints with the local citizen complaint board. This is especially when respective state’s agents (police) fail in executing required measures as agreed upon with the aggrieved. In this section, its core intention encompasses granting the aggrieved ample platform meant to sue anybody who in anyway prompted the affected not enjoying certain entitled constitutional privileges (Jail House Lawyer’s handbook, 2010). Therefore, it acts, as a shield whose intention encompasses addressing cases that a certain state agent has acted inappropriately to the extent; the affected did not enjoy his or her privileges. Hence, granting a person an opportunity to express oneself besides enjoying other privileges availed by enactments that allow him or her to embrace his or her creed of choice and other aspects. This is without any instances of seizure, unjustifiable castigations that eventually yield to internment. Studies contend absolute immunity encompasses shunning any incidences of state’s agents being liable for unjustifiable criminal prosecutions and lawsuits. However, this immunity is only active and recognizable when the state’s staff acts accordingly and within limits of one’s duties. Hence, implying if he or she goes off the agreed and set

Global warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global warming - Research Paper Example This phenomenon can be perceived as an increase in the average temperature on earth’s surface, which is caused by the emission of various gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide etc due the burning of fossil fuels. In the modern world, technological developments have added pace and diversity to the process of industrialization, which causes the release of toxic gases into the atmosphere. The adverse effects of technology can be seen in urbanization also, which entails deforestation and the consequent negative impact on the environment. Besides, the increasing number of vehicles also contributes to aggravate the problem as it results in massive emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Evidence suggests that â€Å"about three-fourths of the carbon dioxide added to the air comes from burning fossil fuels such as oil and coal,† which are primarily used in industries and transportation (Kowalski 2004 pg 12). Similarly, deforestation, which occurs mainly a s a result of urbanization, also causes voluminous release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Thus, it becomes apparent that human actions, to a great extent, contribute to major changes in the climate of earth. Global warming, in simple terms, can be defined as the â€Å"continuing increase in Earth’s overall temperature† (Farrar 2008 pg 7). ... This remains a major concern in the modern world as it has far reaching negative repercussions on the environment, which, in turn, will adversely affect the life on earth. Therefore, this research mainly focuses on three research questions as under: - i) What causes the occurrence of the condition known as Global Warming? ii) What are the effects of Global Warming? iii) What can the humans do to effectively resolve the problem? The researcher has attempted to address these questions through the following literature review, which takes into consideration the available evidence in published books, internet articles etc. Review of Literature (Definition of the Problem): Global Warming, as stated earlier, is an increase in the surface temperature of the earth. Research studies indicate that on an average, the surface temperature of planet earth has increased by nearly â€Å"1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (0.76 degrees C) in the last 150 years (Farrar 2008 pg 7). However, the same study also cla ims that some places have registered the rise in temperature as high as 5 degrees Fahrenheit or 2.8 degrees C. While almost 99% of earth’s atmosphere comprises of nitrogen and oxygen, greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone constitute the remaining 1%. The problem arises from the fact that these greenhouse gases retain the heat in the atmosphere, which is essential for humans and other living beings on earth to stay warm and to escape from freezing cold. However, when fossil fuels such as oil and coal are burnt, large volumes of gases get released into earth’s atmosphere. The presence of such emissions will mean increased capacity of air to store heat, which will enhance the heat in the atmosphere.